CDS Views Deep Dive: Von Basic bis Analytics (2025)

@AbapCatalog.sqlViewName: 'ZV_CUSTOMER'
@AbapCatalog.compiler.compareFilter: true
@AccessControl.authorizationCheck: #NOT_REQUIRED
@EndUserText.label: 'Customer View'

define view Z_Customer
  as select from kna1
{
  key kunnr as Customer,
      name1 as CustomerName,
      land1 as Country,
      ort01 as City
}

SELECT Customer, CustomerName, Country
  FROM Z_Customer
  WHERE Country = 'DE'
  INTO TABLE @DATA(lt_customers).

define view Z_SalesOrderWithCustomer
  as select from vbak as SalesOrder
  inner join kna1 as Customer
    on SalesOrder.kunnr = Customer.kunnr
{
  key SalesOrder.vbeln as SalesOrder,
      SalesOrder.audat as OrderDate,
      Customer.name1   as CustomerName,
      Customer.land1   as Country
}

define view Z_CustomerWithOrders
  as select from kna1 as Customer
  left outer join vbak as SalesOrder
    on Customer.kunnr = SalesOrder.kunnr
{
  key Customer.kunnr     as Customer,
      Customer.name1     as CustomerName,
      SalesOrder.vbeln   as SalesOrder,
      SalesOrder.netwr   as OrderValue
}

define view Z_Customer
  as select from kna1
  association [0..*] to vbak as _SalesOrders
    on $projection.Customer = _SalesOrders.kunnr
{
  key kunnr       as Customer,
      name1       as CustomerName,
      land1       as Country,

      /* Association exposen (ohne Join!) */
      _SalesOrders
}

" Nur Customer-Daten laden
SELECT Customer, CustomerName
  FROM Z_Customer
  INTO TABLE @DATA(lt_customers).

" Mit Orders (nur wenn gebraucht!)
SELECT Customer, CustomerName,
       \_SalesOrders-vbeln as OrderNumber
  FROM Z_Customer
  WHERE Country = 'DE'
  INTO TABLE @DATA(lt_customer_orders).

define view Z_Product
  as select from mara
{
  key matnr as Product,

      /* Währung */
      @Semantics.amount.currencyCode: 'Currency'
      price as Price,

      @Semantics.currencyCode: true
      waers as Currency,

      /* Einheit */
      @Semantics.quantity.unitOfMeasure: 'Unit'
      menge as Quantity,

      @Semantics.unitOfMeasure: true
      meins as Unit,

      /* Datum */
      @Semantics.businessDate.from: true
      valid_from as ValidFrom,

      @Semantics.businessDate.to: true
      valid_to as ValidTo,

      /* User */
      @Semantics.user.createdBy: true
      created_by as CreatedBy
}

@ObjectModel.representativeKey: 'Product'
@ObjectModel.usageType.serviceQuality: #A
@ObjectModel.usageType.sizeCategory: #M
@ObjectModel.usageType.dataClass: #MASTER

define view Z_Product as select from mara
{
  key matnr as Product,

      /* Text-Element */
      @ObjectModel.text.element: ['ProductName']
      matnr as ProductId,
      maktx as ProductName
}

@Analytics.query: true
@Analytics.dataCategory: #CUBE

define view Z_SalesAnalytics
  as select from vbak
{
  /* Dimensionen */
  @Analytics.dimension: true
  kunnr as Customer,

  @Analytics.dimension: true
  vkorg as SalesOrg,

  /* Measures (Kennzahlen) */
  @Aggregation.default: #SUM
  @Semantics.amount.currencyCode: 'Currency'
  netwr as Revenue,

  @Aggregation.default: #COUNT
  vbeln as OrderCount,

  waerk as Currency
}

define view Z_CustomerByCountry
  with parameters
    p_country : land1
  as select from kna1
{
  key kunnr as Customer,
      name1 as CustomerName,
      land1 as Country
}
where
  land1 = :p_country

SELECT Customer, CustomerName
  FROM Z_CustomerByCountry( p_country = 'DE' )
  INTO TABLE @DATA(lt_customers).

with parameters
  @Environment.systemField: #SYSTEM_DATE
  p_date : abap.dats

define view Z_Product
  as select from mara
{
  key matnr as Product,

      /* Virtuelle Felder */
      @ObjectModel.virtualElement: true
      @ObjectModel.virtualElementCalculatedBy: 'ABAP:ZCL_CALC_STOCK'
      cast( 0 as abap.int4 ) as AvailableStock,

      @ObjectModel.virtualElement: true
      @ObjectModel.virtualElementCalculatedBy: 'ABAP:ZCL_CALC_PRICE'
      cast( 0.0 as abap.curr(16,2) ) as CurrentPrice
}

CLASS zcl_calc_stock DEFINITION PUBLIC.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES if_sadl_exit_calc_element_read.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_calc_stock IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD if_sadl_exit_calc_element_read~calculate.
    " Daten lesen
    DATA lt_products TYPE STANDARD TABLE OF z_product.
    lt_products = CORRESPONDING #( it_original_data ).

    " Bestandsabfrage
    LOOP AT lt_products ASSIGNING FIELD-SYMBOL(<product>).
      SELECT SINGLE labst FROM mard
        WHERE matnr = <product>-product
        INTO @<product>-availablestock.
    ENDLOOP.

    " Zurückgeben
    ct_calculated_data = CORRESPONDING #( lt_products ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

@AccessControl.authorizationCheck: #CHECK
define view Z_SalesOrder
  as select from vbak
{
  key vbeln as SalesOrder,
      kunnr as Customer,
      vkorg as SalesOrg,
      netwr as NetValue
}

@EndUserText.label: 'Access Control for Sales Orders'
@MappingRole: true

define role Z_SalesOrder {
  grant select on Z_SalesOrder
    where
      /* Nur eigene Sales Org */
      (SalesOrg) = aspect pfcg_auth(
        V_VBAK_VKO,
        VKORG,
        ACTVT = '03'
      );
}

@Hierarchy.parentChild: [{ name: 'OrgHierarchy',
                            recurse: {
                              parent: 'ParentOrg',
                              child: 'Organization',
                              depth: 'Level',
                              orphans: #ERROR
                            }
                          }]

define view Z_OrganizationHierarchy
  as select from t001
{
  key bukrs        as Organization,
      parent_bukrs as ParentOrg,
      butxt        as OrganizationName,

      /* Wird automatisch berechnet */
      cast( 0 as abap.int1 ) as Level
}

/* Basis View */
define view Z_Customer_Basic
  as select from kna1
{
  key kunnr as Customer,
      name1 as CustomerName,
      land1 as Country
}

/* Erweitert Basis View */
define view Z_Customer_Extended
  as select from Z_Customer_Basic
  association [0..*] to vbak as _Orders
    on $projection.Customer = _Orders.kunnr
{
  Customer,
  CustomerName,
  Country,

  /* Zusätzliche Felder */
  _Orders.vbeln as OrderNumber,
  _Orders.netwr as OrderValue,

  _Orders
}

@Analytics.dataCategory: #CUBE

define view Z_SalesCube
  as select from vbak
{
  @Analytics.dimension: true
  vkorg as SalesOrg,

  @Analytics.dimension: true
  vtweg as DistributionChannel,

  @Analytics.dimension: true
  audat as OrderDate,

  @Aggregation.default: #SUM
  netwr as Revenue,

  @Aggregation.default: #AVG
  netwr as AvgOrderValue,

  @Aggregation.default: #COUNT
  vbeln as OrderCount
}

@Analytics.query: true

define view Z_SalesQuery
  as select from Z_SalesCube
{
  @AnalyticsDetails.query.axis: #ROWS
  SalesOrg,

  @AnalyticsDetails.query.axis: #ROWS
  DistributionChannel,

  @AnalyticsDetails.query.axis: #COLUMNS
  OrderDate,

  Revenue,
  AvgOrderValue,
  OrderCount
}

/* ✅ Gut: In CDS berechnen */
define view Z_Customer
  as select from kna1
{
  key kunnr,

  /* Berechnung in DB */
  case land1
    when 'DE' then 'Deutschland'
    when 'AT' then 'Österreich'
    else 'Anderes Land'
  end as CountryText
}

/* Wo möglich auf Key-Felder filtern */
where vbeln = :p_sales_order  /* ✅ Key, sehr schnell */

@AbapCatalog.buffering.status: #ACTIVE
@AbapCatalog.buffering.type: #FULL
@AbapCatalog.buffering.numberOfKeyFields: 1

define view Z_Country
  as select from t005
{
  key land1 as Country,
      landx as CountryName
}

/* ❌ Schlecht: 10 Joins */
define view Z_ComplexView
  as select from t1
  join t2 on ...
  join t3 on ...
  ... /* 10 weitere */

/* ❌ Langsam */
define view Z_Customer
  as select distinct from kna1

/* ❌ Langsam wenn vermeidbar */
define view Z_Combined
  as select from tab1
  union all
  select from tab2

CLASS ltc_cds_test DEFINITION FOR TESTING
  DURATION SHORT
  RISK LEVEL HARMLESS.

  PRIVATE SECTION.
    CLASS-DATA environment TYPE REF TO if_cds_test_environment.

    CLASS-METHODS class_setup.
    CLASS-METHODS class_teardown.

    METHODS test_customer_view FOR TESTING.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS ltc_cds_test IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD class_setup.
    environment = cl_cds_test_environment=>create(
      i_for_entity = 'Z_CUSTOMER'
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD class_teardown.
    environment->destroy( ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD test_customer_view.
    " Testdaten einfügen
    environment->insert_test_data(
      i_data = VALUE #(
        ( customer = '0001' customername = 'Test AG' country = 'DE' )
      )
    ).

    " CDS View abfragen
    SELECT customer, customername
      FROM z_customer
      WHERE country = 'DE'
      INTO TABLE @DATA(lt_result).

    " Assertions
    cl_abap_unit_assert=>assert_equals(
      act = lines( lt_result )
      exp = 1
    ).

    cl_abap_unit_assert=>assert_equals(
      act = lt_result[ 1 ]-customername
      exp = 'Test AG'
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.