ABAP Änderungsbelege: Datenänderungen protokollieren

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ABAP-Statements

Veröffentlicht

Nov 24, 2025

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Änderungsbelege protokollieren Datenänderungen in SAP automatisch. Sie ermöglichen die lückenlose Nachverfolgung von Änderungen an Geschäftsobjekten für Audit und Compliance.

Änderungsbeleg-Konzepte

Konzept	Beschreibung
Änderungsbelegobjekt	Definition der zu protokollierenden Tabellen
Änderungsbeleg	Einzelner Protokolleintrag
CDHDR	Kopftabelle der Änderungsbelege
CDPOS	Positionstabelle (Feldänderungen)

Wichtige Transaktionen

Transaktion	Beschreibung
SCDO	Änderungsbelegobjekte pflegen
SCU3	Änderungsbelege anzeigen (generisch)
RSSCD100	Änderungsbelege auswerten

Grundlegende Beispiele

Änderungsbeleg schreiben

DATA: ls_order_old TYPE zorder,
      ls_order_new TYPE zorder,
      lv_objectid  TYPE cdhdr-objectid.

" Alte Daten lesen (vor Änderung)
SELECT SINGLE * FROM zorder INTO ls_order_old
  WHERE order_id = '1000000001'.

" Neue Daten setzen
ls_order_new = ls_order_old.
ls_order_new-status = 'C'.  " Geändert
ls_order_new-amount = 1500.

" Objekt-ID für Änderungsbeleg
lv_objectid = ls_order_old-order_id.

" Änderungsbeleg öffnen
CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_OPEN'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass = 'ZORDER'
    objectid    = lv_objectid
    planned_change_number = ' '
    planned_or_real_changes = 'R'.

" Änderungen protokollieren
CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
  EXPORTING
    tablename       = 'ZORDER'
    workarea_old    = ls_order_old
    workarea_new    = ls_order_new
    change_indicator = 'U'.  " Update

" Änderungsbeleg schließen und speichern
CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_CLOSE'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass      = 'ZORDER'
    objectid         = lv_objectid
    date_of_change   = sy-datum
    time_of_change   = sy-uzeit
    tcode            = sy-tcode
    username         = sy-uname
  EXCEPTIONS
    no_position_found = 1
    OTHERS            = 2.

IF sy-subrc = 0.
  " Daten tatsächlich ändern
  UPDATE zorder FROM ls_order_new.
  COMMIT WORK.
ENDIF.

Generierter Funktionsbaustein

" Nach SCDO-Definition wird FB generiert: ZORDER_WRITE_DOCUMENT

DATA: ls_order_old TYPE zorder,
      ls_order_new TYPE zorder,
      lt_xorder    TYPE TABLE OF zorder,
      lt_yorder    TYPE TABLE OF zorder.

" Einzelsatz-Änderung
CALL FUNCTION 'ZORDER_WRITE_DOCUMENT'
  EXPORTING
    objectid         = ls_order_new-order_id
    tcode            = sy-tcode
    utime            = sy-uzeit
    udate            = sy-datum
    username         = sy-uname
    upd_zorder       = 'U'    " Update
  TABLES
    xzorder          = lt_xorder   " Neue Daten
    yzorder          = lt_yorder   " Alte Daten
  EXCEPTIONS
    OTHERS           = 1.

Änderungen für Insert (Neuanlage)

DATA: ls_order_new TYPE zorder.

" Neue Bestellung anlegen
ls_order_new-order_id    = '1000000002'.
ls_order_new-customer_id = 'CUST001'.
ls_order_new-status      = 'O'.
ls_order_new-amount      = 1000.

" Leerer Old-Record signalisiert Insert
DATA(ls_order_old) = VALUE zorder( ).

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_OPEN'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass = 'ZORDER'
    objectid    = ls_order_new-order_id.

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
  EXPORTING
    tablename        = 'ZORDER'
    workarea_old     = ls_order_old
    workarea_new     = ls_order_new
    change_indicator = 'I'.  " Insert

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_CLOSE'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass    = 'ZORDER'
    objectid       = ls_order_new-order_id
    date_of_change = sy-datum
    time_of_change = sy-uzeit
    tcode          = sy-tcode
    username       = sy-uname.

INSERT zorder FROM ls_order_new.
COMMIT WORK.

Änderungen für Delete (Löschung)

DATA: ls_order_old TYPE zorder.

SELECT SINGLE * FROM zorder INTO ls_order_old
  WHERE order_id = '1000000001'.

" Leerer New-Record signalisiert Delete
DATA(ls_order_new) = VALUE zorder( ).

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_OPEN'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass = 'ZORDER'
    objectid    = ls_order_old-order_id.

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
  EXPORTING
    tablename        = 'ZORDER'
    workarea_old     = ls_order_old
    workarea_new     = ls_order_new
    change_indicator = 'D'.  " Delete

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_CLOSE'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass    = 'ZORDER'
    objectid       = ls_order_old-order_id
    date_of_change = sy-datum
    time_of_change = sy-uzeit
    tcode          = sy-tcode
    username       = sy-uname.

DELETE FROM zorder WHERE order_id = ls_order_old-order_id.
COMMIT WORK.

Mehrere Tabellen protokollieren

DATA: ls_header_old TYPE zorder_head,
      ls_header_new TYPE zorder_head,
      lt_items_old  TYPE TABLE OF zorder_item,
      lt_items_new  TYPE TABLE OF zorder_item.

" Änderungsbeleg öffnen
CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_OPEN'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass = 'ZORDER'
    objectid    = ls_header_new-order_id.

" Kopfdaten protokollieren
CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
  EXPORTING
    tablename        = 'ZORDER_HEAD'
    workarea_old     = ls_header_old
    workarea_new     = ls_header_new
    change_indicator = 'U'.

" Positionen protokollieren
LOOP AT lt_items_new INTO DATA(ls_item_new).
  READ TABLE lt_items_old INTO DATA(ls_item_old)
    WITH KEY item_id = ls_item_new-item_id.

  IF sy-subrc = 0.
    " Position geändert
    CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
      EXPORTING
        tablename        = 'ZORDER_ITEM'
        workarea_old     = ls_item_old
        workarea_new     = ls_item_new
        change_indicator = 'U'.
  ELSE.
    " Neue Position
    CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
      EXPORTING
        tablename        = 'ZORDER_ITEM'
        workarea_old     = VALUE zorder_item( )
        workarea_new     = ls_item_new
        change_indicator = 'I'.
  ENDIF.
ENDLOOP.

" Gelöschte Positionen
LOOP AT lt_items_old INTO ls_item_old.
  READ TABLE lt_items_new TRANSPORTING NO FIELDS
    WITH KEY item_id = ls_item_old-item_id.

  IF sy-subrc <> 0.
    CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
      EXPORTING
        tablename        = 'ZORDER_ITEM'
        workarea_old     = ls_item_old
        workarea_new     = VALUE zorder_item( )
        change_indicator = 'D'.
  ENDIF.
ENDLOOP.

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_CLOSE'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass    = 'ZORDER'
    objectid       = ls_header_new-order_id
    date_of_change = sy-datum
    time_of_change = sy-uzeit
    tcode          = sy-tcode
    username       = sy-uname.

Änderungsbelege lesen

DATA: lt_cdhdr TYPE TABLE OF cdhdr,
      lt_cdpos TYPE TABLE OF cdpos.

" Kopfdaten lesen
SELECT * FROM cdhdr INTO TABLE lt_cdhdr
  WHERE objectclas = 'ZORDER'
    AND objectid   = '1000000001'
  ORDER BY udate DESCENDING, utime DESCENDING.

" Positionsdaten lesen
IF lt_cdhdr IS NOT INITIAL.
  SELECT * FROM cdpos INTO TABLE lt_cdpos
    FOR ALL ENTRIES IN lt_cdhdr
    WHERE objectclas = lt_cdhdr-objectclas
      AND objectid   = lt_cdhdr-objectid
      AND changenr   = lt_cdhdr-changenr.
ENDIF.

" Ausgabe
LOOP AT lt_cdhdr INTO DATA(ls_cdhdr).
  WRITE: / 'Änderung am:', ls_cdhdr-udate, ls_cdhdr-utime,
           'von:', ls_cdhdr-username.

  LOOP AT lt_cdpos INTO DATA(ls_cdpos)
    WHERE changenr = ls_cdhdr-changenr.
    WRITE: / '  Feld:', ls_cdpos-fname,
             'Alt:', ls_cdpos-value_old(20),
             'Neu:', ls_cdpos-value_new(20).
  ENDLOOP.
ENDLOOP.

Änderungsbelege mit Klasse

CLASS zcl_change_document DEFINITION.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    METHODS log_change
      IMPORTING
        iv_objectid  TYPE cdhdr-objectid
        is_old       TYPE any
        is_new       TYPE any
        iv_tablename TYPE tabname
        iv_operation TYPE cdchngind.  " I/U/D
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcl_change_document IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD log_change.
    CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_OPEN'
      EXPORTING
        objectclass = 'ZORDER'
        objectid    = iv_objectid.

    CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
      EXPORTING
        tablename        = iv_tablename
        workarea_old     = is_old
        workarea_new     = is_new
        change_indicator = iv_operation.

    CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_CLOSE'
      EXPORTING
        objectclass    = 'ZORDER'
        objectid       = iv_objectid
        date_of_change = sy-datum
        time_of_change = sy-uzeit
        tcode          = sy-tcode
        username       = sy-uname
      EXCEPTIONS
        no_position_found = 1
        OTHERS            = 2.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

Änderungsbelege per ALV anzeigen

DATA: lt_display TYPE TABLE OF ty_change_display.

SELECT h~objectid, h~udate, h~utime, h~username, h~tcode,
       p~tabname, p~fname, p~chngind,
       p~value_old, p~value_new
  FROM cdhdr AS h
  INNER JOIN cdpos AS p ON h~objectclas = p~objectclas
                       AND h~objectid   = p~objectid
                       AND h~changenr   = p~changenr
  WHERE h~objectclas = 'ZORDER'
    AND h~udate BETWEEN @lv_from_date AND @lv_to_date
  INTO CORRESPONDING FIELDS OF TABLE @lt_display
  ORDER BY h~udate DESCENDING, h~utime DESCENDING.

" ALV ausgeben
cl_salv_table=>factory(
  IMPORTING r_salv_table = DATA(lo_alv)
  CHANGING  t_table      = lt_display ).

lo_alv->display( ).

Textänderungen protokollieren

" Für lange Texte (z.B. Notizen)
DATA: lv_text_old TYPE string VALUE 'Alter Text',
      lv_text_new TYPE string VALUE 'Neuer längerer Text'.

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_OPEN'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass = 'ZORDER'
    objectid    = lv_objectid.

" Textänderung protokollieren
CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_TEXT_CASE'
  EXPORTING
    textcase        = 'X'
    text_old        = lv_text_old
    text_new        = lv_text_new
    tablename       = 'ZORDER'
    fieldname       = 'NOTES'
    change_indicator = 'U'.

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_CLOSE'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass    = 'ZORDER'
    objectid       = lv_objectid
    date_of_change = sy-datum
    time_of_change = sy-uzeit
    tcode          = sy-tcode
    username       = sy-uname.

Änderungsbelegobjekt in SCDO definieren

1. Transaktion SCDO aufrufen
2. Objektname eingeben: ZORDER
3. Tabellen hinzufügen:
   - ZORDER_HEAD (Kopftabelle)
   - ZORDER_ITEM (Positionstabelle)
4. Zu protokollierende Felder markieren
5. Funktionsbaustein generieren
6. Aktivieren und transportieren

Batch-Änderungsprotokollierung

" Für Massenänderungen
CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_OPEN'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass = 'ZORDER'
    objectid    = '*MASS*'.  " Spezielle ID

LOOP AT lt_changes INTO DATA(ls_change).
  CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_SINGLE_CASE'
    EXPORTING
      tablename        = 'ZORDER'
      workarea_old     = ls_change-old_data
      workarea_new     = ls_change-new_data
      change_indicator = 'U'
      objectid         = ls_change-order_id.  " Pro Satz
ENDLOOP.

CALL FUNCTION 'CHANGEDOCUMENT_CLOSE'
  EXPORTING
    objectclass    = 'ZORDER'
    objectid       = '*MASS*'
    date_of_change = sy-datum
    time_of_change = sy-uzeit
    tcode          = sy-tcode
    username       = sy-uname.

Änderungsindikatoren

Indikator	Beschreibung
I	Insert (Neuanlage)
U	Update (Änderung)
D	Delete (Löschung)
E	Einzelfeld-Änderung

CDPOS-Struktur

Feld	Beschreibung
OBJECTCLAS	Änderungsbelegobjekt
OBJECTID	Objekt-ID
CHANGENR	Änderungsnummer
TABNAME	Tabellenname
FNAME	Feldname
CHNGIND	Änderungsindikator
VALUE_OLD	Alter Wert
VALUE_NEW	Neuer Wert

Best Practices

Relevante Felder: Nur geschäftsrelevante Felder protokollieren
Performance: Änderungsbelege im Update-Task schreiben
Objekt-ID: Eindeutige, sprechende ID verwenden
Archivierung: Alte Änderungsbelege archivieren (SARA)
Berechtigungen: Lesezugriff auf Änderungsbelege schützen
Compliance: Anforderungen an Aufbewahrungsfristen beachten