ABAP Exception Classes: Eigene Ausnahmen erstellen

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ABAP-Statements

Veröffentlicht

Nov 24, 2025

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Exception Classes ermöglichen strukturierte Fehlerbehandlung in ABAP. Eigene Ausnahmen (CX_-Klassen) transportieren Fehlerdaten, unterstützen Mehrsprachigkeit und integrieren sich nahtlos in TRY-CATCH.

Exception-Hierarchie

CX_ROOT
  │
  ├── CX_STATIC_CHECK      " Muss deklariert werden (RAISING)
  │     └── CX_DYNAMIC_CHECK  " Kann, muss aber nicht deklariert werden
  │
  └── CX_NO_CHECK          " Muss nicht deklariert werden (Runtime)

Basisklasse	RAISING nötig	Typischer Einsatz
`CX_STATIC_CHECK`	Ja	Business-Exceptions
`CX_DYNAMIC_CHECK`	Optional	Technische Fehler
`CX_NO_CHECK`	Nein	Kritische Systemfehler

Exception-Klasse erstellen

1. Einfache Exception (SE24/ADT)

CLASS zcx_validation_error DEFINITION
  PUBLIC
  INHERITING FROM cx_static_check
  CREATE PUBLIC.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    " Interface für Texte
    INTERFACES: if_t100_message.
    INTERFACES: if_t100_dyn_msg.

    " Konstanten für Nachrichtentexte
    CONSTANTS:
      BEGIN OF invalid_input,
        msgid TYPE symsgid VALUE 'ZMSG',
        msgno TYPE symsgno VALUE '001',
        attr1 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE 'MV_FIELD',
        attr2 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE '',
        attr3 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE '',
        attr4 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE '',
      END OF invalid_input.

    " Attribute für Fehlerdaten
    DATA: mv_field TYPE string READ-ONLY.

    " Konstruktor
    METHODS: constructor
      IMPORTING
        textid   LIKE if_t100_message=>t100key OPTIONAL
        previous LIKE previous OPTIONAL
        iv_field TYPE string OPTIONAL.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcx_validation_error IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD constructor.
    super->constructor( previous = previous ).

    mv_field = iv_field.

    CLEAR me->textid.
    IF textid IS INITIAL.
      if_t100_message~t100key = invalid_input.
    ELSE.
      if_t100_message~t100key = textid.
    ENDIF.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

2. Exception mit mehreren Texten

CLASS zcx_order_error DEFINITION
  PUBLIC
  INHERITING FROM cx_static_check
  CREATE PUBLIC.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES: if_t100_message.

    " Verschiedene Fehlertexte
    CONSTANTS:
      BEGIN OF order_not_found,
        msgid TYPE symsgid VALUE 'ZORDER',
        msgno TYPE symsgno VALUE '001',
        attr1 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE 'MV_ORDER_ID',
        attr2 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE '',
        attr3 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE '',
        attr4 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE '',
      END OF order_not_found,

      BEGIN OF order_already_shipped,
        msgid TYPE symsgid VALUE 'ZORDER',
        msgno TYPE symsgno VALUE '002',
        attr1 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE 'MV_ORDER_ID',
        attr2 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE 'MV_SHIP_DATE',
        attr3 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE '',
        attr4 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE '',
      END OF order_already_shipped,

      BEGIN OF invalid_quantity,
        msgid TYPE symsgid VALUE 'ZORDER',
        msgno TYPE symsgno VALUE '003',
        attr1 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE 'MV_QUANTITY',
        attr2 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE 'MV_MAX_QUANTITY',
        attr3 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE '',
        attr4 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE '',
      END OF invalid_quantity.

    " Attribute
    DATA: mv_order_id     TYPE string READ-ONLY,
          mv_ship_date    TYPE d READ-ONLY,
          mv_quantity     TYPE i READ-ONLY,
          mv_max_quantity TYPE i READ-ONLY.

    METHODS: constructor
      IMPORTING
        textid          LIKE if_t100_message=>t100key OPTIONAL
        previous        LIKE previous OPTIONAL
        iv_order_id     TYPE string OPTIONAL
        iv_ship_date    TYPE d OPTIONAL
        iv_quantity     TYPE i OPTIONAL
        iv_max_quantity TYPE i OPTIONAL.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcx_order_error IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD constructor.
    super->constructor( previous = previous ).

    mv_order_id = iv_order_id.
    mv_ship_date = iv_ship_date.
    mv_quantity = iv_quantity.
    mv_max_quantity = iv_max_quantity.

    CLEAR me->textid.
    IF textid IS INITIAL.
      if_t100_message~t100key = order_not_found.
    ELSE.
      if_t100_message~t100key = textid.
    ENDIF.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

3. Exception werfen (RAISE EXCEPTION)

CLASS lcl_order_service DEFINITION.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    METHODS: get_order
      IMPORTING iv_order_id TYPE string
      RETURNING VALUE(rs_order) TYPE ty_order
      RAISING   zcx_order_error.

    METHODS: ship_order
      IMPORTING iv_order_id TYPE string
      RAISING   zcx_order_error.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS lcl_order_service IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD get_order.
    " Bestellung suchen
    SELECT SINGLE * FROM ztorders
      WHERE order_id = @iv_order_id
      INTO @rs_order.

    IF sy-subrc <> 0.
      RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE zcx_order_error
        EXPORTING
          textid      = zcx_order_error=>order_not_found
          iv_order_id = iv_order_id.
    ENDIF.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD ship_order.
    DATA: ls_order TYPE ty_order.

    ls_order = get_order( iv_order_id ).

    IF ls_order-status = 'SHIPPED'.
      RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE zcx_order_error
        EXPORTING
          textid       = zcx_order_error=>order_already_shipped
          iv_order_id  = iv_order_id
          iv_ship_date = ls_order-ship_date.
    ENDIF.

    " Versand durchführen...
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

4. Exception fangen und verarbeiten

DATA: lo_service TYPE REF TO lcl_order_service,
      ls_order   TYPE ty_order.

lo_service = NEW #( ).

TRY.
    ls_order = lo_service->get_order( '12345' ).

  CATCH zcx_order_error INTO DATA(lx_error).
    " Fehlertext ausgeben
    DATA(lv_message) = lx_error->get_text( ).
    WRITE: / 'Fehler:', lv_message.

    " Auf spezifische Attribute zugreifen
    WRITE: / 'Order ID:', lx_error->mv_order_id.

    " Fehler weiterwerfen
    " RAISE EXCEPTION lx_error.
ENDTRY.

5. Exception-Kette (PREVIOUS)

METHOD process_order.
  TRY.
      " Datenbank-Operation
      validate_order( is_order ).

    CATCH zcx_validation_error INTO DATA(lx_val).
      " Ursprüngliche Exception als PREVIOUS übergeben
      RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE zcx_order_error
        EXPORTING
          textid   = zcx_order_error=>order_not_found
          previous = lx_val
          iv_order_id = is_order-id.
  ENDTRY.
ENDMETHOD.


" Beim Fangen: Kette durchlaufen
TRY.
    process_order( ls_order ).

  CATCH cx_root INTO DATA(lx_error).
    " Alle Exceptions in der Kette ausgeben
    DATA(lx_current) = lx_error.

    WHILE lx_current IS BOUND.
      WRITE: / lx_current->get_text( ).
      lx_current = lx_current->previous.
    ENDWHILE.
ENDTRY.

6. Exception ohne Nachrichtenklasse

CLASS zcx_simple_error DEFINITION
  PUBLIC
  INHERITING FROM cx_static_check
  CREATE PUBLIC.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    " Einfacher Text ohne T100
    DATA: mv_message TYPE string READ-ONLY.

    METHODS: constructor
      IMPORTING
        iv_message TYPE string OPTIONAL
        previous   LIKE previous OPTIONAL.

    METHODS: if_message~get_text REDEFINITION.

ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcx_simple_error IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD constructor.
    super->constructor( previous = previous ).
    mv_message = iv_message.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD if_message~get_text.
    result = mv_message.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.


" Verwendung
RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE zcx_simple_error
  EXPORTING iv_message = 'Ein Fehler ist aufgetreten'.

7. COND/SWITCH mit THROW

DATA: lv_age TYPE i VALUE -5.

" Exception in Ausdruck werfen
DATA(lv_status) = COND string(
  WHEN lv_age >= 0 AND lv_age < 18 THEN 'Minderjährig'
  WHEN lv_age >= 18 THEN 'Erwachsen'
  ELSE THROW zcx_validation_error(
    textid   = zcx_validation_error=>invalid_input
    iv_field = 'AGE'
  )
).


" Mit SWITCH
DATA(lv_result) = SWITCH string( lv_status
  WHEN 'A' THEN 'Aktiv'
  WHEN 'I' THEN 'Inaktiv'
  ELSE THROW zcx_validation_error( iv_field = 'STATUS' )
).

8. Lokale Exception-Klasse

" Für Tests oder lokale Verwendung
CLASS lcx_local_error DEFINITION
  INHERITING FROM cx_static_check.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    DATA: mv_info TYPE string READ-ONLY.

    METHODS: constructor
      IMPORTING iv_info TYPE string OPTIONAL
                previous LIKE previous OPTIONAL.

    METHODS: if_message~get_text REDEFINITION.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS lcx_local_error IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD constructor.
    super->constructor( previous = previous ).
    mv_info = iv_info.
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD if_message~get_text.
    result = |Lokaler Fehler: { mv_info }|.
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.

9. Exception-Hierarchie für Domain

" Basisklasse für alle Order-Exceptions
CLASS zcx_order_base DEFINITION
  PUBLIC
  ABSTRACT
  INHERITING FROM cx_static_check
  CREATE PUBLIC.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    DATA: mv_order_id TYPE string READ-ONLY.

    METHODS: constructor
      IMPORTING iv_order_id TYPE string OPTIONAL
                previous LIKE previous OPTIONAL.
ENDCLASS.


" Spezifische Exceptions
CLASS zcx_order_not_found DEFINITION
  PUBLIC
  INHERITING FROM zcx_order_base
  CREATE PUBLIC.
  " ...
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcx_order_locked DEFINITION
  PUBLIC
  INHERITING FROM zcx_order_base
  CREATE PUBLIC.
  " ...
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcx_order_invalid_state DEFINITION
  PUBLIC
  INHERITING FROM zcx_order_base
  CREATE PUBLIC.
  " ...
ENDCLASS.


" Fangen nach Hierarchie
TRY.
    process_order( ).

  CATCH zcx_order_not_found INTO DATA(lx_not_found).
    " Spezifische Behandlung

  CATCH zcx_order_locked INTO DATA(lx_locked).
    " Spezifische Behandlung

  CATCH zcx_order_base INTO DATA(lx_order).
    " Alle anderen Order-Exceptions

  CATCH cx_static_check INTO DATA(lx_other).
    " Alle anderen statischen Exceptions

ENDTRY.

10. MESSAGE-Integration

" Nachrichtenklasse ZMSG mit Nachricht 001:
" "Feld & enthält ungültigen Wert"

CLASS zcx_with_message DEFINITION
  PUBLIC
  INHERITING FROM cx_static_check
  CREATE PUBLIC.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    INTERFACES: if_t100_message.
    INTERFACES: if_t100_dyn_msg.

    CONSTANTS:
      BEGIN OF field_invalid,
        msgid TYPE symsgid VALUE 'ZMSG',
        msgno TYPE symsgno VALUE '001',
        attr1 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE 'MV_FIELD',
        attr2 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE '',
        attr3 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE '',
        attr4 TYPE scx_attrname VALUE '',
      END OF field_invalid.

    DATA: mv_field TYPE string READ-ONLY.

    METHODS: constructor
      IMPORTING textid   LIKE if_t100_message=>t100key OPTIONAL
                previous LIKE previous OPTIONAL
                iv_field TYPE string OPTIONAL.

ENDCLASS.


" Exception werfen
RAISE EXCEPTION TYPE zcx_with_message
  EXPORTING
    textid   = zcx_with_message=>field_invalid
    iv_field = 'KUNNR'.


" Text abrufen
CATCH zcx_with_message INTO DATA(lx_error).
  " get_text() liefert: "Feld KUNNR enthält ungültigen Wert"
  DATA(lv_msg) = lx_error->get_text( ).

  " Oder als MESSAGE
  MESSAGE lx_error TYPE 'I'.

11. RESUMABLE Exceptions

CLASS zcx_resumable_error DEFINITION
  PUBLIC
  INHERITING FROM cx_static_check
  CREATE PUBLIC.

  PUBLIC SECTION.
    DATA: mv_value TYPE i READ-ONLY.

    METHODS: constructor
      IMPORTING iv_value TYPE i OPTIONAL
                previous LIKE previous OPTIONAL.
ENDCLASS.


METHOD process_values.
  LOOP AT lt_values INTO DATA(lv_value).
    IF lv_value < 0.
      " RESUMABLE: Kann mit RESUME fortgesetzt werden
      RAISE RESUMABLE EXCEPTION TYPE zcx_resumable_error
        EXPORTING iv_value = lv_value.
    ENDIF.

    " Weiterverarbeitung...
  ENDLOOP.
ENDMETHOD.


" Aufruf mit RESUME
TRY.
    process_values( ).

  CATCH BEFORE UNWIND zcx_resumable_error INTO DATA(lx_error).
    WRITE: / 'Warnung: Negativer Wert', lx_error->mv_value.
    RESUME.  " Fortsetzen nach RAISE RESUMABLE
ENDTRY.

12. Best Practice: Exception Factory

CLASS zcx_factory DEFINITION.
  PUBLIC SECTION.
    CLASS-METHODS:
      not_found
        IMPORTING iv_entity TYPE string
                  iv_id     TYPE string
        RETURNING VALUE(ro_exception) TYPE REF TO zcx_not_found,

      validation_failed
        IMPORTING iv_field   TYPE string
                  iv_message TYPE string
        RETURNING VALUE(ro_exception) TYPE REF TO zcx_validation_error.
ENDCLASS.

CLASS zcx_factory IMPLEMENTATION.
  METHOD not_found.
    ro_exception = NEW #(
      iv_entity = iv_entity
      iv_id     = iv_id
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.

  METHOD validation_failed.
    ro_exception = NEW #(
      iv_field   = iv_field
      iv_message = iv_message
    ).
  ENDMETHOD.
ENDCLASS.


" Verwendung
RAISE EXCEPTION zcx_factory=>not_found(
  iv_entity = 'Customer'
  iv_id     = '12345'
).

Exception-Klasse in SE24 erstellen

SE24 → Klasse anlegen (Name beginnt mit ZCX_ oder YCX_)
Superklasse: CX_STATIC_CHECK (oder andere)
Interfaces: IF_T100_MESSAGE hinzufügen
Attribute: Fehlerdaten definieren (z.B. MV_ORDER_ID)
Texts: Exception-IDs mit Nachrichtenklasse verknüpfen
Konstruktor: Parameter für Attribute definieren

Wichtige Hinweise / Best Practice

CX_STATIC_CHECK für Business-Exceptions (müssen in RAISING deklariert werden).
Eigene Hierarchie für fachliche Domänen (z.B. ZCX_ORDER_BASE).
IF_T100_MESSAGE für mehrsprachige Texte mit Nachrichtenklasse.
PREVIOUS für Exception-Ketten (Ursache nachverfolgen).
READ-ONLY für Exception-Attribute (Immutability).
Fangen Sie spezifische Exceptions zuerst, dann allgemeinere.
THROW in COND/SWITCH für Inline-Exceptions.
RESUMABLE für Warnungen, die übersprungen werden können.
Exception-Texte in Nachrichtenklasse für Übersetzbarkeit.
get_text() für formatierte Fehlermeldung.